The course examines the emergence of modern visual culture between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It tracks the development of new technologies and conditions of viewing?from the panorama to photography to early cinema?and situates those developments in relation to larger social, intellectual, and cultural shifts in our conceptions of subjectivity, collectivity, and the mechanics of optical perception. The visual material at the center of our discussions will include nineteenth- and twentieth-century photographs, as well as paintings, prints, film, and other forms of visual entertainment and ephemera.

Physical and biological factors affecting distribution, abundance, and adaptations of organisms. Population, community, and ecosystem structure and function. Lab.

Physical and biological factors affecting distribution, abundance, and adaptations of organisms. Population, community, and ecosystem structure and function. Lab.

Animals, plants, and microbes serve as powerful tools for both basic and biomedical research. This course integrates historical, philosophical, sociological, and biological perspectives to examine how models are chosen and used. and how to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Students will study particular model species in depth, and address general epistemological questions about the choice and use of model organisms. This course is designed for graduate students and advanced undergraduates interested in research. 58 hours of Undergrad Coursework, including advanced study in at least one specified area required.