Doctoral Research.

Introduces theoretical and practical frameworks for understanding various stages of conflict with a focus on conflict transformation and peacebuilding in the post-atrocity state. Through the use of historical and contemporary case studies, explores practices of conflict transformation and security issues caused by regime change, state-sanctioned violence, civil war and conflict, and/or genocide. Topics include mediation, negotiation, facilitation and adjudication; methods of conflict prevention; the development and current state of transitional and restorative justice mechanisms; and the international community?s role in peacebuilding and peacekeeping.

Genetic basis of human traits and diseases including both traditional methods of diagnosis and contemporary molecular genetic approaches stemming from the human genome project. Case studies exemplify common practices in human genetic counseling and integrate the scientific basis of diagnosis with the special ethical implications of human genetic analysis. One semester of genetics recommended.

Evolutionary and ecological forces that generate the tremendous diversity of microbial life on Earth with emphasis on viruses, archaea and bacteria. Functional roles of microorganisms, their population dynamics and interactions, and their mechanisms of evolutionary change in a variety of environmental settings, including natural communities and laboratory microcosms. Introductory microbiology and microbiology lab and one semester of genetics recommended.